Prozac Essays - Depression, Eli Lilly And Company,

Prozac From the start it was the fix all individuals were searching for. At that point it turned into the medication they were reluctant to take. Somewhere close to these two boundaries lies reality about the medication Flouxetine, also called Prozac, the most generally endorsed tranquilize on the globe. It is for the most part endorsed to patients experiencing clinical gloom. It was first brought to the market in 1988 by the pharmaceutical mammoth Eli Lilly co. Despite the fact that it was initially recommended for wretchedness, it has been recommended for everything from dietary problems to a sleeping disorder. It was first considered the marvel medication of the new decade on account of the manner in which it made a difference sorrow patients when no other upper could and afterward additionally found to help numerous other character issue also. Be that as it may, presently it is disapproved of by many. A portion of the reactions added to the developing restriction of Prozac incorporate sickness, blockage, memory debilitation, and overabundance perspiring, just to name a couple. What is gloom? Despondency can result from a physical ailment, a psychological instability, or it tends to be a common response of the body. As indicated by the National Institute of Mental Health, significant burdensome sicknesses are frequently the aftereffect of uneven characters in synapses in the mind. It is these basic synthetic compounds that send messages between nerve strands and control state of mind (Creamer, 3). More seasoned antidepressants chipped away at three distinct synapses, serotonin, norepinepherine, and dopamine. Nonetheless, it has been discovered that serotonin is the explicit compound in the mind that controls states of mind. Its main responsibility is to convey a motivation starting with one nerve fiber then onto the next. Serotonin is discharged by the nerve into the space between nerve filaments, conveys the drive to the following one, and is at that point reabsorbed by the first. at the point when it is reabsorbed to rapidly, an individual feels discouraged (6). Clinical sorrow incorporates in any event five of the following nine side effects: 1. Sentiments of pity or touchiness. 2. Loss of intrigue or delight in exercises once appreciated. 3. Changes in weight or craving. 4. Changes in resting design. 5. Feeling Remorseful, sad or useless. 6. Powerlessness to think, recall things, or decides. 7. Weakness or loss of vitality. 8. Fretfulness or diminished action saw by others. 9. Musings of self destruction or demise. Dr. Brian K. Martin, President of the Emotional wellness Association of Hawaii, suggests that any individual who has endured at least five of these side effects for about fourteen days or longer observe a specialist (7). Broadly, the Mental Health Association appraises that only 33% of those experiencing gloom really look for help. Most are limited, as per the relationship, by dread, absence of information, falsehood, and shame. Sadness is likewise the main source of self destruction. It is evaluated that 15 percent of genuinely discouraged individuals end their own lives (7). The cons of Prozac Historically, the utilization of medications as fixers of the universes private ills has run into genuine, if unforeseen, obstacles. When the new century rolled over, the clinical network imagined that Cocaine was a totally proper, nonaddictive medication, and generally recommended it. During the 1950s and 60s, first barbiturates and afterward amphetimines were suggested for different mental infirmities. we presently realize that every one of these medications accompanied noteworthy dangers. So what yet-to-be-granted information may cause science, by and by, to concede timidly that the extravagance over Prozac was to some degree untimely, if not completely exaggerated? Perhaps, the greatest contention against this medication is only the reality that it is endorsed for pretty much anything. It is evaluated that it brought in more than 1 billion dollars a year ago to Eli Lilly, the pharmaceutical organization that presented to us this marvel medicate around ten years prior. It is recommended for everything from dietary issues to frenzy to assisting with premenstrual disorder (PMS). David Dolan, Clinical chief of one of the mental projects at Jefferson Hospital in Jeffersonville Ky., concurs with numerous that Prozac is way oversold as a fix all when it previously hit the market. Out of nowhere, Prozac was the prescription for everything, at that point out of nowhere it was anything in any case. Practically overnight, another marvel hit Louisville: Prozac alarm. Rather than requesting, individuals were reluctant to take it (Aprile, 2). The change happened in the weeks following Joseph Wesbeckers frenzy, where he lethally shot eight individuals and harmed 12, just to at last execute himself. After the shooting, lab tests uncovered restorative degrees of Prozac in his blood. Three different antidepressants and two other physician recommended drugs were likewise found in his blood in minuscule sums. Wesbeckers clinical graphs demonstrated that his specialist figured Prozac may have been adding to

Methodological Framework and Smart Transport †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Talk about the Methodological Framework and Smart Transport. Answer: Presentation: Offer Taxi administrations gave by the Ministry of Public Transportation is another Taxi administration that targets improving the ride sharing administrations. The administrations gave by Bid Taxi riding administrations is totally different from the current administrations of taxi booking that works in a pre fixed rate as indicated by the time and separation. Then again, In Bid Taxi benefits, a traveler or the client expresses the start and the closure purpose of the excursion, time of the pickup and the quantity of travelers that are deciding on the ride (Bai et al., 2014). The subtleties that are given by the travelers are communicated to the drivers who will at that point offer for the administration in a short time. In the wake of offering an expected cost will be given to the client who will at that point pick their administrations. This is a creative idea of giving Taxi administration to the travelers. The framework can be gotten to with the assistance of an online application or the site of Bid Taxi (Wang, Cheu Lee, 2014). The report gives an outline of the business activity of Ministry of Public Transportation. The report closes with certain proposal for improving the business activity of Ministry of Public Transportation. The Bid Taxi administrations gave by the Ministry of open Transportation targets giving an issue free riding experience to the travelers by supplanting the taxi benefits that chips away at a fixed rate premise. Since the costing of each ride will be founded on offering by the various drivers, it is relied upon to give a financially savvy taxi administration to the customer. The Bid taxi framework has been created remembering the various prerequisites of the clients and the drivers also (Wan Chen, 2012). This serious stage for the drivers will help the clients in booking the most financially savvy taxi administrations. The business activity of the Ministry of Public Transportation is talked about in the accompanying segment. Offer Taxi sheets just the guaranteed and experienced drivers in the administration. This guarantees travelers get the most ideal help. Besides, the vehicle on the administration ought to be completely checked and ought to have appropriate protection also. This upgrades the business activity as clients or the travelers can't gripe about the wastefulness of the drivers. Clients can book the Bid Taxi benefits either through the Smartphone application or through the site of the Bid Taxi. Dominant part of the individuals now daily groups a Smartphone and in this way Bid Taxi is relied upon to draw in countless traveler with their administrations (Seesan, Rungkasiri Cooharojananone, 2012). Besides, the individuals who don't have an entrance to the Smartphone can demand an assistance from the site too. This is required to expand the clients commitment also. The nearness of versatile application and the site can additionally give a stage to the client in giving the input or report any reason that needs consideration. This is hence a clever business process by Ministry of Public Transportation. A beginning rating framework is additionally presented in the business activity of Bid Taxi. This rating framework permits the client and the driver to rate one another. This star rating framework is a significant business procedure of Ministry of Public Transportation. The rating framework will significantly help the association is overseeing and altering their business activity as indicated by the input got from the client (Pueboobpaphan, Indra-Payoong Pueboobpaphan, 2018). For instance if a client rates a ride inadequately that demonstrates that specific things about the administration needs re-assessment. Either this can the administration offered by the driver of the taxi or the state of the taxi. Appropriate measures can be taken on premise of the rating so as to improve the administrations further. The significant usefulness of this rating framework is that, it will expand the fulfillment of the client as they get the opportunity to voice out their sentiment and objections wit h respect to their ride. This is open for the driver also. A driver can likewise rate a ride and relying upon that rating the administration can improve their method of offering types of assistance (Maciejewski, 2014). This is in this manner another thought that the business activity of Ministry of Public Transport consolidates. The rating framework is open for both versatile and the web administrations and on the drivers entrance of the application. This will guarantee a smooth business activity for Bid Taxi. The business activity of Ministry of Public Transportation in offering the types of assistance of Bid Taxi guarantees a protected installment alternative. The Passengers of a ride are exposed to pay the expense of the ride in the wake of arriving at the goal (Agussurja Lau, 2012). The installment choice incorporates the utilization of credit or platinum cards as per the comfort of the travelers. The installment can be gotten in structure for Osko installments also that will be held by the Bid taxi office. Osko installment is one of the most easy to use methods of moving cash (Lucas Lau, 2012). In the event that a traveler doesn't wish to pay in any of the techniques, he/she can buy gift vouchers from the stores to pay for the administrations. Along these lines, the business activity of Ministry of general wellbeing offers a safe installment stage and a simple alternative for paying the charges of the administrations that are profited. This thusly expands clients fulfillment and addit ions the trust of the clients in connecting with to the administrations by and by. With a point of improving the clients commitment with the Bid Taxi administrations, administration unwaveringness plans are proposed in for of status point. At the point when a traveler profits a ride, a status point is given to the clients for the rides paid. These focuses can be gathered and can be utilized as a rebate for future tip to the drivers or can be given to the foundation too. This is again an another significant procedure in business activity of Ministry of Public transportation as it will support more travelers not exclusively to interface with the Bid Taxi administration, yet in addition will urge the traveler to profit the administrations more than once as the dependability reward boints can be utilized uniquely later on rides. Moreover, the drivers related with the Bid Taxi administrations are likewise remunerated with fuel limits and gift vouchers by the organization that will urge more drivers to interface with the Bid Taxi administration. This will thrive the matter of Ministry of Public Transport all things considered. Service of Public vehicle brings profits by the each ride as the drivers or the taxi suppliers are required to offer an assistance expense to the Ministry of Public Transport. With the expansion in the quantity of client drawing in with the Bid taxi administrations, there will be a higher business advantage for Ministry of Public Transport. The proposals for improving the administrations offered by Bid taxi are talked about in the accompanying area. Proposals for improving the Business activity The Bid Taxi is a help that targets improving riding experience of the travelers by supplanting the old taxi booking framework. The business activity of the Ministry of Public Transportation is very much orchestrated; in any case, certain change can be made to the procedures so as to upgrade the overall revenue of the business. The suggestions for upgrading the administrations gave by Bid taxi are as per the following- The time required for the offering can be considerably decreased to empower the travelers with certain crisis administrations (Maciejewski, 2014). Crisis administrations can be joined in the Bid Taxi application where the holding up time will be significantly diminished. Be that as it may, the clients may need to pay a higher rate in the event of benefiting the crisis administrations. This is required to expand the clients commitment with the Bid Taxi application. The additional charges to be paid by the travelers for a crisis administration ought not be exceptionally high. This may neutralize the business also. criticism framework can be proposed alongside 24*7 client assistance that will upgrade the business activity of the Ministry of Public Transportation. Clients wellbeing ought to be another significant thought for the Bid Taxi administrations (Inquiry, 2012). While sharing a ride, if a client feels the need of prematurely ending the ride, he/she can do it just by detailing the case in the application. Since the whole ride is followed the assistance of GPS, it ought not be an issue to send help to the traveler who intends to prematurely end a ride (Haque, Chin Debnath, 2013). Security thought ought to be a significant concentration for the association in improving its business activity. These are the significant proposal for improving the business activity and net revenue of the association (Lee Wu, 2013). The security considering will build the clients trust with the application and is relied upon to expand the clients commitment. Along these lines, from the above conversation it very well may be inferred that the Bid Taxi can be a main taxi specialist organization of the city. The report gives a review of the diverse business activity of Bid taxi and suggests certain alteration that can improve the administrations offered by Bid Taxi. The Ministry of the general wellbeing transportation targets giving a problem free taxi booking framework and an incredible riding experience to the travelers. The business benefit of Ministry of Public Transportation originates from the administration charges gave by the cabbies or suppliers. Offer taxi is required to give an astounding riding experience to the travelers as the clients will have the option to book a taxi with the assistance of a versatile application and the site of Bid Taxi. The administrations offered by the Bid taxi and the business contributions can be improved by getting certain alteration the procedure. These alteration in spite of the fact that isn't basic to join in the business procedure in a dire premise, however may acquire a tremendous change the overall revenue of the business if incorporat

Is Your Husband a Man-Child

Is Your Husband a Man-Child Relationships Spouses & Partners Print Is Your Husband a Man-Child? By Marni Feuerman Marni Feuerman is a psychotherapist in private practice who has been helping couples with marital issues for more than 27 years. Learn about our editorial policy Marni Feuerman Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Carly Snyder, MD on January 26, 2020 facebook twitter linkedin Carly Snyder, MD is a reproductive and perinatal psychiatrist who combines traditional psychiatry with integrative medicine-based treatments.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Carly Snyder, MD on January 26, 2020 Willie B. Thomas / Getty Images More in Relationships Spouses & Partners Marital Problems LGBTQ Violence and Abuse Also known as a Peter Pan, a man-child is a man who refuses to grow up.  You are probably wondering why he will not grow up and furthermore, how did you end up  falling in love  with this person. His emotional and mental capacity is that of a teenager. He is immature, irresponsible and unreliable. You are overworked, overly responsible, and overcompensating for his deficits. At first, you were drawn to him thinking he was fun, carefree, and laid back. As alluring as this was at first, you grew up, became an adult, and he did not. You now have to do everything possible to keep from strangling him. Common Man-Child Behaviors He has very poor insight. He actually believes he has no emotional baggage or family dysfunction. You are his longest relationship. Now you know why he has never had a long-term relationship prior to you.He thinks recreational drugs, particularly pot, are just fine to use.  He doesnt give weight to the health effects, lazy mentality, or negative influence that his poor choices will have on your young children. He emails you studies that say pot smoking is not damaging and drinking alcohol can be healthy. He always seems checked out but calls it relaxed. Hes quick to point out how uptight you are, and that you should be using too.He is not employed in a career. He may go from job to job or try to avoid working at all. He always has, and possibly still does, survive off of the financial support of his enabling parents. If he is at work, hes the one passing the blame, complaining about all the rules, taking long smoke breaks or hiding out in the restroom playing with his phone.His main hobbies involve electronics. He may be addicted to video games and/or fantasy games which he plays for hours.?? He is allergic to exercise.He does not share the load at home.??  He doesnt do ANY cooking, cleaning, or laundry. If you ask him to help, he acts like it is a huge deal. You have to help dress him for any nice occasion because sneakers and T-shirts are 95% of his wardrobe.He cant express himself maturely. ??There is no manning up when necessary. No back and forth discussions that lead to problem-solving. He complains, whines and thinks everything is unfair. He is petty and keeps score. He may even throw all-out temper tantrums. You will always be the one to bring up important issues for discussion. He is great at pretending that nothing is wrong.All of his friends behave similarly. You may have met some in the past that seemed mature and responsible, but they no longer come around anymore. When you go out with other couples, you feel embarrassed over his behavior or lack o f accomplishments. You know the story: behind every Peter Pan is a Wendy.?? The man-child at first seemed like a challenge. Your maternal instincts kicked into overdrive. You were quick to take him under your wing and help guide him. You are now beyond frustration at the current state of your marriage. Your sexual desire for him is completely gone. What do you do now? Will this man ever grow up? What Should You  Do? You must stop your own  enabling and dysfunctional behavior to get out of this challenging dynamic. You have to realize that you are part of the reason that your spouse continues to act the way he does. Think back to your childhood. Were you made to grow up too fast or be overly responsible? Maybe you had to take care of an alcoholic or neglectful parent. Were you in charge of your younger siblings? You most likely got stuck in such a role, then brought your care-taking behavior into adulthood, including your current romantic relationships.?? Marriage to a Man-Child It is time to stop picking up the slack for this man. It will be critical for you to create healthy boundaries. Once you do, it is not guaranteed that he will finally grow up. If he doesnt, professional help is imperative. He must understand that the viability of the marriage is dependent upon you both changing the dynamic you two have created. If you are both willing to make the necessary modifications to allow him to grow up, only then may you find the happiness that has been eluding you. The 6 Best Online Marriage Counseling Programs

The Middle Age African American Man - 1285 Words

Consider this scenario in America today - a middle-age African-American man is not eligible to vote. This man’s father, grandfather, great-grandfather, and great-great grandfather shared the same misfortune during their lifetime. The original patriarch could not vote as a slave, his son was beaten by the Ku Klux Klan for trying to vote, the grandson was intimidated by the Ku Klux Klan for trying to vote, and the great-grandson was prohibited from voting by poll taxes and literacy tests. The middle-age African-American man cannot vote today due to being on probation for a felony conviction.1 This same man probably had an ineffective attorney to represent him when he was arrested, was offered a choice of a plea bargain as opposed to a stringent sentence, and was subsequently placed under the control of the criminal justice system either by a prison sentence, probation, or parole. Once released from the criminal justice system, the man may be stigmatized for the rest of his life and may return to prison.2 As the middle-age man tries to re-integrate himself into mainstream society, his felony status can negatively impact potential employment, housing, and government assistance. This same man’s treatment could be compared to man living in a southern state at the height of Jim Crow.3 Jim Crow was a practice enforced by laws in the United States (U.S.) enacted between 1874 – 1975 to keep black and white races apart. The goal of these laws was to create â€Å"separate butShow MoreRelatedWaiting To Exhale : Book Review : Waiting To Exhale1188 Words   |  5 PagesBook Review: Waiting to Exhale Waiting to Exhale is a wondrous, explicit representation of four middle-class African American females in the late twentieth century and their tumultuous relationships with men, relationships, and a number of both personal and professional problems that each of them endures. Though they each have problems of their own, they depend on each other’s compassion and care to get them through their trials and tribulations and their preoccupation with their relationships helpsRead MoreAfrican Americans Must Work to Achieve the American Dream Essay1438 Words   |  6 Pagesunfortunately this is not always true. The American dream is not necessarily to get rich quick, it is more along the lines of a hard worker having an opportunity to be financially stable and to live a pleasant life. The dream is that their sons and daughters will not have to suffer the same things that they did. Their children will be better off in the long run because of their hard work. Why hasnt the African American community been able to reach the American dream In America everyone is guaranteedRead MoreRace As A Social Construct1087 Words   |  5 PagesThe concept of race is an ancient construction through which a single society models all of mankind around the ideal man. 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Granting that racism is a problem for many ethnicities, racism against black Americans is considered â€Å"justified† because racist ideologies borrowed from slavery, as well as the century old apartheid

Child Abuse Is The Worst Thing That Can Be Stopped

Child Abuse in Nigeria Uzuazokaro Anthony Eli Bacon Thursday 11:10am Central Idea: Child abuse is generally the worst thing that can happen to a child, to a country people say, but they just say it; especially in Nigeria where they encourage it even if they do not agree that they do. This act of wickedness has been the order of the day in Nigeria and people turn deaf ears to it. They pretend it’s not there but it is. My aim is to give my audience a breakdown of what goes on Nigeria that results in child abuse and how it can be stopped. I. Introduction: The World Health Organization defines child abuse as â€Å"an act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm to a child†. The major types of child abuse and neglect range from physical†¦show more content†¦B. The average age for child trafficking ranges from 6 to 15 years. C. This situation is made worse by the 6.2 percent urban growth rate and about $320 per capita income. D. More than 70 percent of the Nigerian population live below $1 per day or worse, absolute poverty. E. A huge number of children are â€Å"chronically malnourished†. 1. 58% of boys suffer from malnutrition. 2. 44% percent of girls also suffer from malnutrition. III. The traditional occupation is farming and trading in Nigeria. A. In Northern Nigeria, children are made to work on farm plantations. 1. This kids are sometimes drugged to work extra hours. 2. Most times they have to work for 48 hours without a break. B. In order to be taught the Quran, the boys have to beg on the streets and give the proceeds to the Mallams that educate them. C. The girls have to hawk food stuffs or other valuables on the streets to be qualifies for marriage. IV. In the Eastern part of Nigeria, the idea of giving out children to be maids is very rampant. A. This children between the ages of 5 to 15 are given the responsibility to take care of new born infants. B. They are given the responsibility to handle electronic generators when there is power failure. C. They are the first to wake in the morning and the last to go to bed at night every day. D. When they fail to perform any task given to them they get seriously beaten up, starved, or tortured. E. You could say that these kids act like robots. V. Because of these

The Treatment of Somali Refugees in Kenya and Ethiopia an Assessment Free Essays

string(158) " sections will demonstrate the practical implications of this gap in international law in relation to the treatment of Somali refugees in Kenya and Ethiopia\." 1. Introduction 1.1 Background After the end of the Cold War, the international community had to build an entirely new agenda for human rights, democracy and development in the world’s most troubled regions (Forsythe, 2006: 210-215; Normand Zaidi, 2008: 316-323). We will write a custom essay sample on The Treatment of Somali Refugees in Kenya and Ethiopia: an Assessment or any similar topic only for you Order Now In Africa, conflicts in the Congo, Rwanda and Somalia left the region tormented by an ongoing refugee crisis. The lack of stable political institutions and representative democracy in these countries necessitated the revision of international legal standards, in order to cope with the refugee crisis and to provide security and shelter. With over 3 million recognized refugees at present, Africa is considered by the UNHCR the biggest challenge, absorbing the largest proportion of the budget and humanitarian programmes (Zolberg et. al, 1989). This paper will focus on the treatment of Somali refugees in two of the neighbouring countries – Kenya and Ethiopia, which reportedly host the largest proportion of the refugees at present (UNHCR, 2011a;b;c). The reason why Somali refugees were chosen as the subject of this paper is because this is one of the longest ongoing political and humanitarian crises, and its implications upon regional politics and the local populations are perpetual. It also demonstrates the discrepancies in international law in dealing with displacement and human right violations of the Somali refugees. The paper will assess the treatment of refugees in these two countries. Based on this assessment, the author will make recommendations for the improvement of the treatment of the refugees. 1.2 Research question The purpose of this essay is to explore the treatment of Somali refugees in Kenya and Ethiopia. Their treatment will be looked at through the prism of basic human rights conventions and will ideally seek to provide a broader understanding on the status of the refugees in a global era. It will highlight the main challenges, which refugees from Somalia face on the territories of Kenya and Ethiopia and will explain how these challenges are posed by inconsistencies in international law. In order to do this, the author will first critically approach the definition of the term â€Å"refugee†. Next, the author will attempt to trace whether basic provisions stipulated by the 1951 Convention on the Status of the Refugees have been met by the authorities in Ethiopia and Kenya. Before this, a brief historical overview of the main events leading to the refugee crisis will be provided. 2. The Somali refugee crisis – the prelude In Somalia, the transition to political independence has been scarred by factionalism and division. In the early 1990s, the clan based opposition groups ousted the military government, which led to the outbreak of decade long civil war, throughout which various factions were competing for power (Waldron Hasci, 1994). In 2004, the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) was formed. Its opposing faction was the Islamic Courts Union (ICU), which soon lost power to the TFG in the south. Subsequently, the TFG split into radical groups, Al-Shabaab being one of them. Since then, the Al-Shabaab has been fighting the TFG over political and economic supremacy (UNHCR, 2011c). The civil war resulted in the displacement of millions of Somali people, turning them into the third largest refugee group in the world, after the Iraq and Afghanistan refugees (UNHCR, 2011c). Apart from Western countries such as UK and Italy, Somali refugees travel to neighbouring countries, mostly Ethiopia and Kenya. As of July 2011, on the territory of Ethiopia there were 160,000 Somali refugees, residing in six large camps in the eastern and south-eastern part of the country. In 2011 the number of new arrivals increased dramatically with up to 23,000 people arriving per month. In Kenya, currently there are around 280,000 Somali refugees, and as of July 2011, their number has dramatically increased because of the draught in East Africa (UNHCR, 2011b). 3. Problems of definition The purposes if this essay would not be fulfilled, if the author does not provide a definition of the term â€Å"refugee†. According to Article 1 (2) of the 1951 UNHCR Convention on the Status of the Refugees, the term â€Å"refugee† shall apply to any person who: â€Å"[†¦]owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable, or owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country [†¦]† (UNHCR, 1951). The same definition can be found in the OAU 1969 Convention on the Refugees in Africa (Article 1). The main criticism, which this definition obviously provokes, is the lack of prescriptions for the state of origin, and the obligations of the host countries. The definition exhausts the basic connotation of a refugee, which has not changed much to this day, but does not define the responsibilities and actions, which the host authorities are obliged to take under international law. The definition explains the confines of the country of persecution, but not the terms of protection of refugees in foreign territories. This is not a technical flaw of the definition, as embedded in the convention, but a general weakness of international law, when it comes to the treatment of refugees in host countries (Marfleet, 2006; 9-20; Gibney, 2005:6-13). This raises several issues related to legitimacy, and they are not, as proposed by Zolberg et.al (1989) related to the debate who is a refugee under international law. These controversies are related to the lack of legally binding prescriptions for the host countries, sheltering refugees. Despite the fact that there has been ongoing development of the understanding of the term persecution since 1951, it remains unclear how persecution of refugees can be prevented in the host territories. Therefore, it is important to trace the implications of this inconsistency in terms of policy and treatment of the Somali refuges in Ethiopia and Kenya and identify problems, which might arise from the lack of a clear definition of persecution and the responsibilities of the host countries. The following sections will demonstrate the practical implications of this gap in international law in relation to the treatment of Somali refugees in Kenya and Ethiopia. You read "The Treatment of Somali Refugees in Kenya and Ethiopia: an Assessment" in category "Essay examples" 4. Treatment of Somali refugees in Kenya According to the UNHCR, more than 600, 000 Somali refugees are now residing in neighbouring countries (2011). At present, Kenya is the country, where largest proportions of the Somali refugees are seeking shelter. Currently, it is hosting around 280 000 refugees, residing in three large camps, located in the North Eastern Daabab camps (UNHCR, 2011b). Although it is clear that Kenya has been unable to cope with the intense wave of Somali immigrants without the assistance of the international community, in 2010, Amnesty International has reported grieve violations of rights of the refuges on behalf of the Kenyan authorities (Amnesty International Report AFR 32/015, 2010). The report says that thousands of refugees were forcibly returned to Somalia, and asylum was not provided to the individuals which claimed for it. The report also reveals the implications of the fact that a large proportion of the refugees were not screened because of the closure of the immigration centre at the Kenya-Somali border. It was closed because Kenyan authorities were concerned that ongoing violence in Somalia and persistent acts of terrorism could spread on their own territory (Amnesty International Report AFR 32/015, 2010). The other conclusions of Amnesty International are related to police harassment in the camps, and violation of the principle of no n-refoulement (Amnesty International Report AFR 32/015, 2010). The principle of non-refoulement, which is embedded in the UNHCR Convention for the Refugees prohibits â€Å"the expulsion, extradition, deportation, return or otherwise removal of any person in any manner whatsoever to a country or territory where he or she would face a real risk of persecution or serious harm† (UNHCR Convention on the Status of the Refugees, 1951). The report reveals that when the Kenyan authorities closed the border, around 4000 Somalis were trapped alongside and 360 were refouled. In 2009, 93 Somali asylum seekers were forcibly refouled back to Somalia. It is now clear that by choosing to close its border, Kenya has violated the principle of non-refoulement of the UN and the 1967 Protocol, as well as its own 2006 Refugee Act. Further implications of the closure of the transit border centre is that the newly arrived refugees are no longer screened for health purposes, and some of them have suffered exhaustion and malnutrition on their way to the camps (which are located about 80 km from the border). Another type of violations is related to the security and well being of the refugees, often threatened by the Kenyan security forces. As of December 2010, issues related to limited access to water, shelter, sanitation and other essential services due to overcrowding have been reported. In addition, the refugees are not allowed outside the camps unless in exceptional circumstances such as relocation to third countries (Amnesty International, 2010). Other violations include sexual harassment, forced marriages in the camps, as well as the involuntary recruitment of refugees for military service. Based on this report, it is not difficult to determine that Kenyan authorities have allowed the unlawful treatment of Somali refugees by local militias, and have committed violations related to their treatment on the territory of the host country. In sum, a closer look at the treatment of the Somali refugees in Kenya reveals that there have been violations of key provisions, related to the status of the refugees. From a legal perspective, this is due to the fact that there are no legally binding provisions, which define the responsibilities of the host countries, or penalties in case of violations. By no legally binding it is meant that the existing rules and regulations remain prescriptive of how the hosting countries need to treat refugees, seeking shelter on their territory. As stated earlier before, there is not a clear definition of persecution and the counter-measures, which it entails, therefore the actions of the Kenyan authorities remain unaddressed under international law. As the next section will reveal, the situation in Ethiopia is quite similar. 5. Treatment of Somali refugees in Ethiopia As mentioned earlier in the essay, Ethiopia is the country, where the second highest proportion of Somali refugees resides. An estimate of 280, 000 refugees have fled to Ethiopia since the beginning of the conflict in Somalia more than two decades ago. They have been accommodated in eight camps along the Ethio-Somali border (UNHCR, 2011). Similarly to the case in Kenya, the refugees are denied access to education and work opportunities, as well as free movement and access to healthcare. According to Markos (2011), the main reasons for the unlawful treatment of the Somali refugees in Ethiopia generate from the gap between national legislation and international legal standards, related to the status of the refugees. Despite the fact that Ethiopia has ratified key international refugee instruments such as the 1951 Convention, the 1967 Protocol and the 1969 OAU Convention, the treatment of the Somali refugees on the territory of the country is a signifier that constraints to the implemen tation of their provision on national level are ostensible. Understandably, the Ethiopian authorities are trying to protect their scarce national resources and infrastructure, which explains why their tolerance to the refugee influx is not high (Waldron Hasci, 1994). From the perspective of the international community however, this does not ameliorate the fact that many Somalis face grieve human rights violations in the camps on the territory of Ethiopia. Some of the key provisions of the 1951 Convention have been violated such as the right of freedom, the right to choose their place of residence, the right to move freely within the country, as well as the access to elementary and religious education. In sum, although the situation with the treatment of the refugees in Ethiopia is not so grieve as the one in Kenya, Somali refugees in Ethiopia still face deprivations and human right violations. This is due to the scarce resources in the country, as well as the gaps in national legislation, which do not allow the direct implementation of key provisions of international law, related to the status of the refugees. Based on the above observations on the treatment of the refugees in these two countries, a brief set of recommendations will be provided in the following section. 6. Recommendations This section will provide a brief set of recommendations for policy reform and action for the improvement of the treatment of Somali refugees in Kenya and Ethiopia. The recommendations have been divided in four groups – general recommendations, recommendations for Kenya, recommendations for Ethiopia, and recommendations for the international community. 6.1 General recommendations The previous sections have shown that without clear definition on persecution and the responsibilities of the host countries, it would be impossible to provide shield of refugees and displaced people under international law. Therefore, a revision of the legal provisions related with the refugees is necessary. In the near future however, a revision of existing refugee legislation might be a cumbersome and formidable process, because it would involve redrafting existing legislation, its ratification and its incorporation into host countries’ judiciary system. In addition, it is not clear how this would help overcome other challenges, related to refugee protection, such as the ones mentioned by Landgren (1998) – agents of persecution; the notion of political offence in extradition treaties; the criminalization of illegal departure; and the precipitation of repatriation. Despite the fact that the principle of non-refoulment remains one of the strongest refugee rights, and d espite the presence of â€Å"minimum rights clauses† for the treatment of refugees in the 1951 Convention, their enforcement in countries, where poverty and political instability are persistent, remains a challenge. As a result, existing legislation needs to be revised in order to meet the new security threats, raised by globalization and the incapacity of many states to protect their own civilian populations. At present, the definition of the term refugee is problematic because it does not provide a clear direction of what responsibilities the host countries need to have. Therefore a revision of the definition, as well as existing legislation is necessary. As a result, the responsibilities of the host countries-signatories to the refugee instruments should be legally binding. 6.2 Recommendations for Kenya The most important recommendation for the Kenyan authority is to open the border control camp which would facilitate the registration of the refugees, and the access of the newly arrived to healthcare, food and clean water. At present Kenyan authorities are concerned that if the border is open, this might provide access to Kenya of the militant members of Al-Shabaab, which is a major security threat for the civilian population (Daily Mail, 2011). However, a stronger border control and the allocation of additional police and military units, which would perform thorough checks on those wishing to cross the border, is a possible solution. The most important recommendation for the Kenyan government in order to improve the situation with the refugees is to ensure that the security forces do not violate the principle of non-refoulement. This can take place if more international observers are allowed in the camps and on the Somali-Kenyan border. 6.3 Recommendations for Ethiopia In Ethiopia, the revision of national legislation is crucial for the implementation of the international provisions, related with the rights of the refugees. In a country with feeble political and judiciary institutions, the process will be cumbersome, but legal revision is necessary in order to provide refugees and asylum-seekers protection. 6.4 Recommendations for the international community As far as the actions of the international organisations, regional organisations and the donor countries are concerned, they need to be related with raising awareness of the situation, and stronger measures related to monitoring and accountability of the actions of the security forces on the territory of both countries. This means that institutions such as the UNHCR, and regional organisations such as OAU and ACHPR (African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights) need to play a more proactive role in liaising with local governments and observing the situation in countries like Kenya and Ethiopia. This can be implemented using two channels – a liaison with government agencies, and regular reports, provided by non-governmental organizations on the situation within the camps. It is important that efforts for the protection of the refugees are made on all four of the above levels. Only the vertical harmonization of actions between national authorities and the international community, wrapped in an appropriate legal framework, can eventually lead to the creation of a safer environment for the Somali refugees, and the determination of their international status in the global era. 7. Conclusion This paper has shown that despite the efforts of the international community, there are problems, related with the treatment of Somali refugees in Kenya and Ethiopia. The lack of commitment of the host countries, and the lack of coordination between national governments and international organisations have perpetuated the crisis. In order to fulfil its commitments for democratization and political stability on the African continent, the international community needs to revise key legal provisions relating to the status of the refugees, and to ensure that there are no constraints for their implementation on national level. In addition, the international status of the refugees needs to be determined, in order to give them legitimacy and protection in a global world. Bibliography Amnesty International (2010) â€Å"From life without peace to peace without life. The treatment of Somali Refugees and Asylum-seekers in Kenya†, 8 December, Index: AFR 32/015/2010, Available at: http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AFR32/015/2010/en/1eb8bd34-2a5c-4aa4-8814-83e0e8df8ebf/afr320152010en.pdf Retrieved: 12.02.2012 Daily Mail (2011) â€Å"Somalian militants vow revenge suicide attacks after Kenyan army crosses border following kidnappings†, updated 17 October, 2011 Available at: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2050240/Somalian-militant-group-Al-Shabab-threatens-Kenya-suicide-attacks.html Retrieved: 15.04.2012 Forsythe, D. (2006) Human Rights in International Relations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Gibney, M.J. (2005) The Ethics and Politics of Asylum. Liberal Democracy and the Response to Refugees, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press OAU (1969) Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa, Available at: http://www.africa-union.org/Official_documents/Treaties_%20Conventions_%20Protocols/Refugee_Convention.pdf Retrieved 12.02.2012 Marfleet, P. (2006) Refugees in a Global Era, Basingstoke: Macmillian Markos, K. (2011) The Treatment of Somali Refugees in Ethiopia under Ethiopian and International Law, International Journal of Refugee Law, Vol 9, Issue 3, p. 365-391. Landgren, K. (1998) â€Å"The Future of Refugee Protection: Four Challenges† Journal of Refugee Studies, Vol. 11, Issue 4, Pp. 416-432 Normand, R. Zaidi, S. (2008) Human Rights at the UN: The Political History of Universal Justice, Indiana University Press UNHCR (1951) Convention Relating to the Status of the Refugees, Resolution 2198, Adopted by the United Nations General Assembly Available at: http://www.unhcr.org/3b66c2aa10.html Retrieved 12.02.2012 UNHCR (1967) Protocol Relating to the Status of the Refugees, Resolution 2198, Adopted by the United Nations General Assembly Available at: http://www.unhcr.org/3b66c2aa10.html Retrieved 12.02.2012 UNHCR, UN Refugee Agency (2011a) â€Å"Ethiopia. 2012 UNHCR country operations profile – Ethiopia†, Available at: http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/page?page=49e483986 Retrieved 12.02.2012 UNHCR, UN Refugee Agency (2011b) â€Å"Kenya. 2012 UNHCR country operations profile – Kenya† Available at: http://www.unhcr.org/cgibin/texis/vtx/page?page=49e483a16submit=GO Retrieved 12.02.2012 UNHCR, UN Refugee Agency (2011c) â€Å"Somalia. 2012 UNHCR country operations profile – Somalia† Available at: http://www.unhcr.org/cgibin/texis/vtx/page?page=49e483ad6submit=GO Retrieved 12.02.2012 UNHCR (2011d) â€Å"The International Protection of Refugees: Interpreting Article 1 of the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees†, Available at: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/pdfid/3b20a3914.pdf Retrieved 12.02.2012 Waldron, S., Hasci, N. (1994)â€Å"Somali refugees in the Horn of Africa: state of the art literature review†, Report No.3, Refugee Studies Programme, Queen Elisabeth House, Oxford: Oxford University Press, Zolberg, A., Zuhrke, A. Aguayo, S. (1989) Escape from Violence. Conflict and Refugee Crisis in the Developing World. Oxford: Oxford University Press How to cite The Treatment of Somali Refugees in Kenya and Ethiopia: an Assessment, Essay examples The Treatment of Somali Refugees in Kenya and Ethiopia an Assessment Free Essays string(149) " will demonstrate the practical implications of this gap in international law in relation to the treatment of Somali refugees in Kenya and Ethiopia\." Introduction 1.1 Background After the end of the Cold War, the international community had to build an entirely new agenda for human rights, democracy and development in the world’s most troubled regions (Forsythe, 2006: 210-215; Normand Zaidi, 2008: 316-323). In Africa, conflicts in the Congo, Rwanda and Somalia left the region tormented by an ongoing refugee crisis. We will write a custom essay sample on The Treatment of Somali Refugees in Kenya and Ethiopia: an Assessment or any similar topic only for you Order Now The lack of stable political institutions and representative democracy in these countries necessitated the revision of international legal standards, in order to cope with the refugee crisis and to provide security and shelter. With over 3 million recognized refugees at present, Africa is considered by the UNHCR the biggest challenge, absorbing the largest proportion of the budget and humanitarian programmes (Zolberg et. al, 1989). This paper will focus on the treatment of Somali refugees in two of the neighbouring countries – Kenya and Ethiopia, which reportedly host the largest proportion of the refugees at present (UNHCR, 2011a;b;c). The reason why Somali refugees were chosen as the subject of this paper is because this is one of the longest ongoing political and humanitarian crises, and its implications upon regional politics and the local populations are perpetual. It also demonstrates the discrepancies in international law in dealing with displacement and human right violations of the Somali refugees. The paper will assess the treatment of refugees in these two countries. Based on this assessment, the author will make recommendations for the improvement of the treatment of the refugees. 1.2 Research question The purpose of this essay is to explore the treatment of Somali refugees in Kenya and Ethiopia. Their treatment will be looked at through the prism of basic human rights conventions and will ideally seek to provide a broader understanding on the status of the refugees in a global era. It will highlight the main challenges, which refugees from Somalia face on the territories of Kenya and Ethiopia and will explain how these challenges are posed by inconsistencies in international law. In order to do this, the author will first critically approach the definition of the term â€Å"refugee†. Next, the author will attempt to trace whether basic provisions stipulated by the 1951 Convention on the Status of the Refugees have been met by the authorities in Ethiopia and Kenya. Before this, a brief historical overview of the main events leading to the refugee crisis will be provided. The Somali refugee crisis – the prelude In Somalia, the transition to political independence has been scarred by factionalism and division. In the early 1990s, the clan based opposition groups ousted the military government, which led to the outbreak of decade long civil war, throughout which various factions were competing for power (Waldron Hasci, 1994). In 2004, the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) was formed. Its opposing faction was the Islamic Courts Union (ICU), which soon lost power to the TFG in the south. Subsequently, the TFG split into radical groups, Al-Shabaab being one of them. Since then, the Al-Shabaab has been fighting the TFG over political and economic supremacy (UNHCR, 2011c). The civil war resulted in the displacement of millions of Somali people, turning them into the third largest refugee group in the world, after the Iraq and Afghanistan refugees (UNHCR, 2011c). Apart from Western countries such as UK and Italy, Somali refugees travel to neighbouring countries, mostly Ethiopia and Kenya. As of July 2011, on the territory of Ethiopia there were 160,000 Somali refugees, residing in six large camps in the eastern and south-eastern part of the country. In 2011 the number of new arrivals increased dramatically with up to 23,000 people arriving per month. In Kenya, currently there are around 280,000 Somali refugees, and as of July 2011, their number has dramatically increased because of the draught in East Africa (UNHCR, 2011b). 3. Problems of definition The purposes if this essay would not be fulfilled, if the author does not provide a definition of the term â€Å"refugee†. According to Article 1 (2) of the 1951 UNHCR Convention on the Status of the Refugees, the term â€Å"refugee† shall apply to any person who: â€Å"[†¦]owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable, or owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country [†¦]† (UNHCR, 1951). The same definition can be found in the OAU 1969 Convention on the Refugees in Africa (Article 1). The main criticism, which this definition obviously provokes, is the lack of prescriptions for the state of origin, and the obligations of the host countries. The definition exhausts the basic connotation of a refugee, which has not changed much to this day, but does not define the responsibilities and actions, which the host authorities are obliged to take under international law. The definition explains the confines of the country of persecution, but not the terms of protection of refugees in foreign territories. This is not a technical flaw of the definition, as embedded in the convention, but a general weakness of international law, when it comes to the treatment of refugees in host countries (Marfleet, 2006; 9-20; Gibney, 2005:6-13). This raises several issues related to legitimacy, and they are not, as proposed by Zolberg et.al (1989) related to the debate who is a refugee under international law. These controversies are related to the lack of legally binding prescriptions for the host countries, sheltering refugees. Despite the fact that there has been ongoing development of the understanding of the term persecution since 1951, it remains unclear how persecution of refugees can be prevented in the host territories. Therefore, it is important to trace the implications of this inconsistency in terms of policy and treatment of the Somali refuges in Ethiopia and Kenya and identify problems, which might arise from the lack of a clear definition of persecution and the responsibilities of the host countries. The following sections will demonstrate the practical implications of this gap in international law in relation to the treatment of Somali refugees in Kenya and Ethiopia. You read "The Treatment of Somali Refugees in Kenya and Ethiopia: an Assessment" in category "Essay examples" 4. Treatment of Somali refugees in Kenya According to the UNHCR, more than 600, 000 Somali refugees are now residing in neighbouring countries (2011). At present, Kenya is the country, where largest proportions of the Somali refugees are seeking shelter. Currently, it is hosting around 280 000 refugees, residing in three large camps, located in the North Eastern Daabab camps (UNHCR, 2011b). Although it is clear that Kenya has been unable to cope with the intense wave of Somali immigrants without the assistance of the international community, in 2010, Amnesty International has reported grieve violations of rights of the refuges on behalf of the Kenyan authorities (Amnesty International Report AFR 32/015, 2010). The report says that thousands of refugees were forcibly returned to Somalia, and asylum was not provided to the individuals which claimed for it. The report also reveals the implications of the fact that a large proportion of the refugees were not screened because of the closure of the immigration centre at the Kenya-Somali border. It was closed because Kenyan authorities were concerned that ongoing violence in Somalia and persistent acts of terrorism could spread on their own territory (Amnesty International Report AFR 32/015, 2010). The other conclusions of Amnesty International are related to police harassment in the camps, and violation of the principle of no n-refoulement (Amnesty International Report AFR 32/015, 2010). The principle of non-refoulement, which is embedded in the UNHCR Convention for the Refugees prohibits â€Å"the expulsion, extradition, deportation, return or otherwise removal of any person in any manner whatsoever to a country or territory where he or she would face a real risk of persecution or serious harm† (UNHCR Convention on the Status of the Refugees, 1951). The report reveals that when the Kenyan authorities closed the border, around 4000 Somalis were trapped alongside and 360 were refouled. In 2009, 93 Somali asylum seekers were forcibly refouled back to Somalia. It is now clear that by choosing to close its border, Kenya has violated the principle of non-refoulement of the UN and the 1967 Protocol, as well as its own 2006 Refugee Act. Further implications of the closure of the transit border centre is that the newly arrived refugees are no longer screened for health purposes, and some of them have suffered exhaustion and malnutrition on their way to the camps (which are located about 80 km from the border). Another type of violations is related to the security and well being of the refugees, often threatened by the Kenyan security forces. As of December 2010, issues related to limited access to water, shelter, sanitation and other essential services due to overcrowding have been reported. In addition, the refugees are not allowed outside the camps unless in exceptional circumstances such as relocation to third countries (Amnesty International, 2010). Other violations include sexual harassment, forced marriages in the camps, as well as the involuntary recruitment of refugees for military service. Based on this report, it is not difficult to determine that Kenyan authorities have allowed the unlawful treatment of Somali refugees by local militias, and have committed violations related to their treatment on the territory of the host country. In sum, a closer look at the treatment of the Somali refugees in Kenya reveals that there have been violations of key provisions, related to the status of the refugees. From a legal perspective, this is due to the fact that there are no legally binding provisions, which define the responsibilities of the host countries, or penalties in case of violations. By no legally binding it is meant that the existing rules and regulations remain prescriptive of how the hosting countries need to treat refugees, seeking shelter on their territory. As stated earlier before, there is not a clear definition of persecution and the counter-measures, which it entails, therefore the actions of the Kenyan authorities remain unaddressed under international law. As the next section will reveal, the situation in Ethiopia is quite similar. 5. Treatment of Somali refugees in Ethiopia As mentioned earlier in the essay, Ethiopia is the country, where the second highest proportion of Somali refugees resides. An estimate of 280, 000 refugees have fled to Ethiopia since the beginning of the conflict in Somalia more than two decades ago. They have been accommodated in eight camps along the Ethio-Somali border (UNHCR, 2011). Similarly to the case in Kenya, the refugees are denied access to education and work opportunities, as well as free movement and access to healthcare. According to Markos (2011), the main reasons for the unlawful treatment of the Somali refugees in Ethiopia generate from the gap between national legislation and international legal standards, related to the status of the refugees. Despite the fact that Ethiopia has ratified key international refugee instruments such as the 1951 Convention, the 1967 Protocol and the 1969 OAU Convention, the treatment of the Somali refugees on the territory of the country is a signifier that constraints to the implemen tation of their provision on national level are ostensible. Understandably, the Ethiopian authorities are trying to protect their scarce national resources and infrastructure, which explains why their tolerance to the refugee influx is not high (Waldron Hasci, 1994). From the perspective of the international community however, this does not ameliorate the fact that many Somalis face grieve human rights violations in the camps on the territory of Ethiopia. Some of the key provisions of the 1951 Convention have been violated such as the right of freedom, the right to choose their place of residence, the right to move freely within the country, as well as the access to elementary and religious education. In sum, although the situation with the treatment of the refugees in Ethiopia is not so grieve as the one in Kenya, Somali refugees in Ethiopia still face deprivations and human right violations. This is due to the scarce resources in the country, as well as the gaps in national legislation, which do not allow the direct implementation of key provisions of international law, related to the status of the refugees. Based on the above observations on the treatment of the refugees in these two countries, a brief set of recommendations will be provided in the following section. 6. Recommendations This section will provide a brief set of recommendations for policy reform and action for the improvement of the treatment of Somali refugees in Kenya and Ethiopia. The recommendations have been divided in four groups – general recommendations, recommendations for Kenya, recommendations for Ethiopia, and recommendations for the international community. 6.1 General recommendations The previous sections have shown that without clear definition on persecution and the responsibilities of the host countries, it would be impossible to provide shield of refugees and displaced people under international law. Therefore, a revision of the legal provisions related with the refugees is necessary. In the near future however, a revision of existing refugee legislation might be a cumbersome and formidable process, because it would involve redrafting existing legislation, its ratification and its incorporation into host countries’ judiciary system. In addition, it is not clear how this would help overcome other challenges, related to refugee protection, such as the ones mentioned by Landgren (1998) – agents of persecution; the notion of political offence in extradition treaties; the criminalization of illegal departure; and the precipitation of repatriation. Despite the fact that the principle of non-refoulment remains one of the strongest refugee rights, and despite the presence of â€Å"minimum rights clauses† for the treatment of refugees in the 1951 Convention, their enforcement in countries, where poverty and political instability are persistent, remains a challenge. As a result, existing legislation needs to be revised in order to meet the new security threats, raised by globalization and the incapacity of many states to protect their own civilian populations. At present, the definition of the term refugee is problematic because it does not provide a clear direction of what responsibilities the host countries need to have. Therefore a revision of the definition, as well as existing legislation is necessary. As a result, the responsibilities of the host countries-signatories to the refugee instruments should be legally binding. 6.2 Recommendations for Kenya The most important recommendation for the Kenyan authority is to open the border control camp which would facilitate the registration of the refugees, and the access of the newly arrived to healthcare, food and clean water. At present Kenyan authorities are concerned that if the border is open, this might provide access to Kenya of the militant members of Al-Shabaab, which is a major security threat for the civilian population (Daily Mail, 2011). However, a stronger border control and the allocation of additional police and military units, which would perform thorough checks on those wishing to cross the border, is a possible solution. The most important recommendation for the Kenyan government in order to improve the situation with the refugees is to ensure that the security forces do not violate the principle of non-refoulement. This can take place if more international observers are allowed in the camps and on the Somali-Kenyan border. 6.3 Recommendations for Ethiopia In Ethiopia, the revision of national legislation is crucial for the implementation of the international provisions, related with the rights of the refugees. In a country with feeble political and judiciary institutions, the process will be cumbersome, but legal revision is necessary in order to provide refugees and asylum-seekers protection. 6.4 Recommendations for the international community As far as the actions of the international organisations, regional organisations and the donor countries are concerned, they need to be related with raising awareness of the situation, and stronger measures related to monitoring and accountability of the actions of the security forces on the territory of both countries. This means that institutions such as the UNHCR, and regional organisations such as OAU and ACHPR (African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights) need to play a more proactive role in liaising with local governments and observing the situation in countries like Kenya and Ethiopia. This can be implemented using two channels – a liaison with government agencies, and regular reports, provided by non-governmental organizations on the situation within the camps. It is important that efforts for the protection of the refugees are made on all four of the above levels. Only the vertical harmonization of actions between national authorities and the international community, wrapped in an appropriate legal framework, can eventually lead to the creation of a safer environment for the Somali refugees, and the determination of their international status in the global era. Conclusion This paper has shown that despite the efforts of the international community, there are problems, related with the treatment of Somali refugees in Kenya and Ethiopia. The lack of commitment of the host countries, and the lack of coordination between national governments and international organisations have perpetuated the crisis. In order to fulfil its commitments for democratization and political stability on the African continent, the international community needs to revise key legal provisions relating to the status of the refugees, and to ensure that there are no constraints for their implementation on national level. In addition, the international status of the refugees needs to be determined, in order to give them legitimacy and protection in a global world. Bibliography Amnesty International (2010) â€Å"From life without peace to peace without life. The treatment of Somali Refugees and Asylum-seekers in Kenya†, 8 December, Index: AFR 32/015/2010, Available at: http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AFR32/015/2010/en/1eb8bd34-2a5c-4aa4-8814-83e0e8df8ebf/afr320152010en.pdf Retrieved: 12.02.2012 Daily Mail (2011) â€Å"Somalian militants vow revenge suicide attacks after Kenyan army crosses border following kidnappings†, updated 17 October, 2011 Available at: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2050240/Somalian-militant-group-Al-Shabab-threatens-Kenya-suicide-attacks.html Retrieved: 15.04.2012 Forsythe, D. (2006) Human Rights in International Relations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Gibney, M.J. (2005) The Ethics and Politics of Asylum. Liberal Democracy and the Response to Refugees, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press OAU (1969) Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa, Available at: http://www.africa-union.org/Official_documents/Treaties_%20Conventions_%20Protocols/Refugee_Convention.pdf Retrieved 12.02.2012 Marfleet, P. (2006) Refugees in a Global Era, Basingstoke: Macmillian Markos, K. (2011) The Treatment of Somali Refugees in Ethiopia under Ethiopian and International Law, International Journal of Refugee Law, Vol 9, Issue 3, p. 365-391. Landgren, K. (1998) â€Å"The Future of Refugee Protection: Four Challenges† Journal of Refugee Studies, Vol. 11, Issue 4, Pp. 416-432 Normand, R. Zaidi, S. (2008) Human Rights at the UN: The Political History of Universal Justice, Indiana University Press UNHCR (1951) Convention Relating to the Status of the Refugees, Resolution 2198, Adopted by the United Nations General Assembly Available at: http://www.unhcr.org/3b66c2aa10.html Retrieved 12.02.2012 UNHCR (1967) Protocol Relating to the Status of the Refugees, Resolution 2198, Adopted by the United Nations General Assembly Available at: http://www.unhcr.org/3b66c2aa10.html Retrieved 12.02.2012 UNHCR, UN Refugee Agency (2011a) â€Å"Ethiopia. 2012 UNHCR country operations profile – Ethiopia†, Available at: http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/page?page=49e483986 Retrieved 12.02.2012 UNHCR, UN Refugee Agency (2011b) â€Å"Kenya. 2012 UNHCR country operations profile – Kenya† Available at: http://www.unhcr.org/cgibin/texis/vtx/page?page=49e483a16submit=GO Retrieved 12.02.2012 UNHCR, UN Refugee Agency (2011c) â€Å"Somalia. 2012 UNHCR country operations profile – Somalia† Available at: http://www.unhcr.org/cgibin/texis/vtx/page?page=49e483ad6submit=GO Retrieved 12.02.2012 UNHCR (2011d) â€Å"The International Protection of Refugees: Interpreting Article 1 of the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees†, Available at: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/pdfid/3b20a3914.pdf Retrieved 12.02.2012 Waldron, S., Hasci, N. (1994)â€Å"Somali refugees in the Horn of Africa: state of the art literature review†, Report No.3, Refugee Studies Programme, Queen Elisabeth House, Oxford: Oxford University Press, Zolberg, A., Zuhrke, A. Aguayo, S. (1989) Escape from Violence. Conflict and Refugee Crisis in the Developing World. Oxford: Oxford University Press How to cite The Treatment of Somali Refugees in Kenya and Ethiopia: an Assessment, Essay examples

Wyrd Sisters Essay Example For Students

Wyrd Sisters Essay This essay will discuss the novel wryd. It will explore some of the concepts that are found in the novel and attempt to extend the issues to a point at which they become more clear, and prove the assertion that, just as Wyrd is a fast moving narrative that spans continents and ages, it is a novel of ideas. Wyrd was, in length, a short to medium novel that was written by Sue Gough. Briefly, it was the story of Berengaria, Saladin’s daughter and wife of King Richard. After her husbands death, she was moved to a French nunnery with her handmaiden and son, the prince (incognito). We will write a custom essay on Wyrd Sisters specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now There she kept an explicit and wise diary, recording the events in her life. She founded a healing order, and invented a cordial that was surprisingly popular among the village folk. She continued to practice Viking religion in subtle ways, and encouraged spiritual openness, as opposed to the dogmatic teachings of the time, vesting confidence and a sense of worth in her fellow devotees. However, she was plagued by her evil anti-thesis, the Abbe De Ville, who encouraged her son to join in a ‘children’s crusade’ — and unwise and dangerous religious march. Pat, her son, was eventually sold as a slave in he middle east, but the Abbe did not know this and told Berengaria the ‘news’ of his demise. Unable to cope with such a revelation, she died and was entombed, as a mummy, with her book beneath the priory. Found by two archaeologists in modern times, her book was recovered and her tomb destroyed. Sent to a group of Australian women (in order to keep it out of the claws of the modern De Ville, Professor Horniman), the book found it’s way into the hands and heart of Trace, a street kid from Sydney, come north as part of a modern children’s crusade. Unwilling to return to the slums of Kings Cross, Trace had found her way to the women’s homes and beguiled herse- lf of them. To conclude the story, Professor Horniman attempted to steal the book, and it was destroyed. All of this was spoken by one Dr Renouf (a possible future Trace and modern day Berengaria), in an attempt to draw together the warring factions of the middle east. One of the most primary themes in the book, apparent even in the summary, is the repetition of events: recurrence and echoing of past events and people. The binding threads of time, so to speak, are constant and absolute: even in different times, the same forces are still at work throughout the novel. The c change of setting is incidental, and the characters are a constant equalling force. The children’s crusade, the concepts of war and peace, good and evil are all tied together in the plot, past mirroring future. However, another theme that is important is the power of the undecided (* – wyrd, the blank Viking rune, is the rune of ‘maybe’), and the outcomes are different — Professor Horniman was defeated, De Ville was not. Although this only lead to Horniman’s defeat, it was substantial, and the cosmic superbeing could have turned to favour the powers of ‘good’ (Berengaria, Trace, the wyrd isters/the three women) or ‘evil’ (De Ville/Horniman, war, etc). The future is merely a continuation of the past, but events may be replayed. Change only occurred with respect for the future, the past remained stained, but was a valuable lesson. The repetition of events occurred mainly because lessons of the past were unheeded, and present changes are the force behind the it’s cessation. The blank rune, the undecided future, the last, blank page in the old Queen’s diary, are all a means by which these events can occur: change and exploration of possibilities is vital to allow continuation. Who controls the past controls the future only in that the past is part of the present and the present is what controls future events. Another theme, discussed mainly in the book’s feminist undertones, is one that is heavily discursive of the rules of society. .u39e6e3dab1b202616c6ec54e4c6ee767 , .u39e6e3dab1b202616c6ec54e4c6ee767 .postImageUrl , .u39e6e3dab1b202616c6ec54e4c6ee767 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u39e6e3dab1b202616c6ec54e4c6ee767 , .u39e6e3dab1b202616c6ec54e4c6ee767:hover , .u39e6e3dab1b202616c6ec54e4c6ee767:visited , .u39e6e3dab1b202616c6ec54e4c6ee767:active { border:0!important; } .u39e6e3dab1b202616c6ec54e4c6ee767 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u39e6e3dab1b202616c6ec54e4c6ee767 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u39e6e3dab1b202616c6ec54e4c6ee767:active , .u39e6e3dab1b202616c6ec54e4c6ee767:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u39e6e3dab1b202616c6ec54e4c6ee767 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u39e6e3dab1b202616c6ec54e4c6ee767 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u39e6e3dab1b202616c6ec54e4c6ee767 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u39e6e3dab1b202616c6ec54e4c6ee767 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u39e6e3dab1b202616c6ec54e4c6ee767:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u39e6e3dab1b202616c6ec54e4c6ee767 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u39e6e3dab1b202616c6ec54e4c6ee767 .u39e6e3dab1b202616c6ec54e4c6ee767-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u39e6e3dab1b202616c6ec54e4c6ee767:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Building Tension and Suspense EssayReligious dogma, meaningl ess legal writings, unwritten rules placing different people in situations beyond their control, and the concept of elitism — our class system, are all discussed, if briefly, in the texts. Non conformity was all but preached: it clearly stated that the rules of society, the laws we make for ourselves, re not compatible with the needs of the people. Religious laws were obeyed to the letter in the main time frame and our own, to a lesser extent because times have changed: Berengaria was a nun, and De Ville was an Abbe. The laws that govern Christianity are mostly good, but intervention on the part of the church, often with the best of intentions, can lead an uneducated and oppressed society (like that of, say, medieval England or France) into ruins. In the novel, Berengaria was seen to actively opposed rules she thought were ‘wrong’, and refused to submit to the system: a self perpetuating autocracy, n which the supreme power lies in the ability to bluff and blunder through situations, and keep a crowd entertained. Her major disadvantage, at least at that time, was the fact that she was a woman: strong, intelligent and a leader, yes, but existing in a time and reality that did not judge a person by such qualities. Power in our society is driven by corruption, in many cases, and hope for the future lies in the powers that be. The same was true, to extremes, in Berengaria’s time, but her knowledge and charisma were not about to be bound by half-truths and lies (the lies seeded by her time’s power system). In any time and any system there are the high, the middle and the low. The aim of the high is to stay there, the middle want to get there, and the low want to survive. With a few exceptions, a system that acknowledges and works with this social and economic hierarchy is one that allows for very little personal growth: true now and then. Her system and ours are clearly corrupted by this and the novel clearly demands that we do something about it. The unwritten, unknowable future is a powerful force here: the future is the right place to escape to. Another powerful and recurring issue is that of knowledge: it’s power, mportance, and ultimate truths. Learning and self healing are important factors discussed by Berengaria in her life and writings, factors that affected people in many different ways. She understood the importance of understanding and wisdom and shared it with others, who gained those qualities and shared it with others†¦.. etc. Learning is a mighty influence that can heal wounds and spread enlightenment. In many ways it is the only force by which to fight corruption, but seeds must be planted. The complete amalgam of knowledge discussed in the novel is contained almost wholly in Berengaria’s book, which planted it’s seeds in many ways. It shared it’s message of healing and medicinal lore with nurses and other assorted healers; it shared it’s knowledge of love and spirituality with the emotionally recluse, encouraging growth and healing; it shared it’s artistic beauty and knowledge of the assorted wonders of our planet with the artistically inclined, enhancing their lives and through them: ours. The concept of the search for the self is another constant in this novel: people with no identity grow and learn to become their own person, unique and independent: through knowledge.